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41.
The effectiveness of subcritical water extraction (SCWE) was examined for removing dioxins from contaminated soil. Most dioxins in the soil sample were reduced at 300 degrees C or more, but decreased dioxin concentrations were also observed at 150 degrees C. After 4 h of extraction, 99.4%, 94.5% and 60% of PCDDs were removed from samples at 350, 300 and 150 degrees C, respectively. It was also determined that degradation of dioxins had occurred, since the sum of dioxins in the soil plus water extracts after the experiments had considerably decreased. This study revealed that pressurizing is not essential for the removal of dioxins. Reduction was complete within 30 min at 350 degrees C; however, it took a much longer time at lower temperatures. The results of addition experiments in which OCDDs were added to different types of soil samples have shown that dechlorination is one of the major reaction pathways. After addition of OCDD to soil samples, experiments were carried out to examine in detail the degradation pathways of PCDDs. The removal rates and congener profiles varied among soil types. Although it was previously assumed that removal rates and congener profiles depended on the chemical components in soil, nonparametric statistical analysis revealed no significant relationship between the rate of reduction and elements present in the soil. It was confirmed from isomer patterns that dechlorination of the 2,3,7,8-positions in PCDDs takes place somewhat faster than for the 1,4,6,9-positions. 相似文献
42.
Nobuhisa Watanabe Shusuke Takemine Katsuya Yamamoto Yuki Haga Mitsuyasu Takata 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2016,18(4):625-630
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) adsorbed onto granular activated carbon (GAC) were thermally treated in N2 gas stream. The purpose was to assess the fate of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) during thermal regeneration of GAC, which had been used for water treatment. Mineralized F, residual PFASs including short-chained species, and volatile organic fluorine (VOF) were determined. In a temperature condition of 700 °C, VOF were 13.2, 4.8, and 5.9 % as for PFOA, PFHxA, and PFOS. However, the VOF decreased to 0.1 %, if the GAC and off-gas were kept at 1000 °C. No PFASs remained in GAC at 700–1000 °C; at the same time, short-chained PFASs were slightly detected in the aqueous trapping of off-gas at 800 and 900 °C conditions. The destruction of PFASs on GAC could be perfect if the temperature is higher than 700 °C; however, the process is competitive against volatile escape from GAC. Destruction in gaseous phase needs a temperature as high as 1000 °C. Destruction of PFASs on the surface of GAC, volatile escape from the site, and thermolysis in gas phase should be considered, as to thermal regeneration of GAC. 相似文献
43.
Nobuhisa Watanabe Katsuya Kawamoto Shozo Asada Hideaki Fujiyoshi Haruo Miyata Gou Watanabe Satoru Suzuki 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2010,12(3):254-263
Dioxins and their surrogates were continuously monitored during the startup of two municipal waste in cinerators (MWIs). The surrogates studied included low-volatility organohalogen compounds (LVOH) sampled by online systems, as well as chlorobenzenes (CBs) and chlorophenols (CPs). The changes in levels of LVOH, CBs, and CPs corresponded well with the trend of the toxicity equivalent quantity (TEQ). The correlation of LVOH with TEQ was fairly good, whereas that of CBs and CPs with TEQ was not consistent. The correlation of LVOH with TEQ involved a memory effect related to the delayed emission of less volatile compounds. The isomer analysis of the dioxins present under startup conditions showed evidence of the memory effect, i.e., highly chlorinated isomers were emitted slowly, whereas low-chlorinated isomers and LVOH decreased rapidly as the temperature rose. LVOH cannot act as a perfect dioxin surrogate, but it can give a versatile, quick, and comprehensive warning of the presence of organohalogen compounds because it is free from the memory effect and covers many kinds of organohalogen compounds, including dioxins. 相似文献
44.
Katsuhiro Okamoto Norimichi Watanabe Yasuaki Hagimoto Koji Miwa Hideo Ohtani 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2010,23(1):89-97
Evaporation rate of multi-component liquid such as motor gasoline is expected to change greatly with progress of evaporation because its composition changes. Therefore it is difficult to predict accurately amount of generated combustible vapor in the case that a multi-component liquid is spilt on a floor. Then, we assumed an evaporation model that composition of the vapor obeys the Raoult's law which considers the activity coefficient. Using the model, we calculated the vapor composition, the vapor pressure and the evaporation rate of the liquid. Then, comparison was done between the calculated values and the measured values obtained in this study. “Weight loss fraction” was used as a parameter signifying the progress of evaporation. The variations of the evaporation property were accurately predicted by the model. We derived a prediction model of the amount of generated combustible vapor from the relation between weight loss fraction and evaporation rate. It was found that the amount of generated vapor was expressed as a logarithmic function of time in case of a five-component liquid. Furthermore, we showed that the predicted flash point of a liquid using the composition obtained from the model was in good agreement with an experimental result. 相似文献
45.
Congener profiles of PCDDs, PCDFs, and dioxin-like PCBs in the breast milk samples in Tokyo, Japan 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Exposure to dioxins has raised much public concern recently. We determined the congeners' distribution of polychlorinated-dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) in the breast milk samples collected in Tokyo, Japan. Breast milk was taken from 240 mothers, 30 days after delivery in 1999 and 2000 in Tokyo, Japan. The actual concentration and TEQ concentration of PCDDs (14 congeners), PCDFs (15 congeners), and dl-PCBs (12 congeners), and each congener's contribution to the total TEQ level were calculated. Among all the samples, PCDDs accounted for 34.8%, PCDFs accounted for 23.5%, dl-PCBs accounted for 41.7%, which was also similar in the breast milk from the primiparae and secundiparae. The main contributors to the total TEQ with increasing percentages were 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD and 3,3',4,4',5-PCB (#126), and they accounted for more than 65% of the total TEQ. Detailed congener analysis in breast milk samples is effective to understand dioxin sources. 相似文献
46.
Formosan squirrels are considered a useful bio-indicator because their habitat exists within that of humans. Therefore, concentrations of 19 trace elements were determined in tissues of this species for assessment of environmental pollution in urban Kamakura and rural Izuohshima. Results of analyses revealed high Cu concentrations in the livers of Formosan squirrels. Moreover, concentrations of some trace elements from automobile exhausts-V, Zn, Cu and As-in the specimens from Kamakura were higher than those from Izuohshima. These results reflect the presence of pollution caused by human activities in Kamakura. 相似文献
47.
The integrated model is composed of two basic parts: one is a reaction rate model of biodegradation in combination with bioenergetics and the other is a thermal engineering model of energy flow and balance in the bioreactor. Integrating these models provides possibility to estimate microbial activity using time course of physicochemical parameters such as bed temperature, bed weight, and/or C02 concentration during decomposition. 相似文献
48.
Akio Kamimura Eisuke Konno Shigehiro Yamamoto Takeru Watanabe Kazuo Yamada Fumiaki Tomonaga 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2009,11(2):133-137
The synthesis of recycled plastics from recovered monomeric materials obtained from the depolymerization reaction of fiber-reinforced
plastics (FRP) was examined. The depolymerization reaction of FRP in the presence of N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) smoothly yielded the corresponding monomers, which mainly consisted of dimethyl phthalates.
The polymerization reaction with this monomer failed to form the corresponding unsaturated polyesters due to contamination
by N-methyl-4-pyridone, a decomposition product of DMAP. An efficient purification of the recovered monomer was achieved by washing
with water, and the purified monomer successfully yielded the corresponding polymers. A hardness test revealed that the polymers
were as hard as the polyester made from virgin materials. The present modification provides a practical method for the preparation
of recycled plastics from depolymerized plastics. 相似文献
49.
Jian Pu Shinobu Kazama Takayuki Miura Nabila Dhyan Azraini Yoshimitsu Konta Hiroaki Ito You Ueki Ermaya Eka Cahyaningrum Tatsuo Omura Toru Watanabe 《Food and environmental virology》2016,8(4):310-312
Norovirus GII.3, GII.4, and GII.17 were detected using pyrosequencing in sewage and oysters in January and February 2015, in Japan. The strains in sewage and oyster samples were genetically identical or similar, predominant strains belonging to GII.17 Kawasaki 2014 lineage. This is the first report of GII.17 Kawasaki 2014 in oysters. 相似文献
50.
Tatsuro Nakaji Takuya Kobayashi Mihoko Kuroha Kumiko Omori Yuko Matsumoto Tetsushi Yonekura Katsuhiko Watanabe Jarkko Utriainen Takeshi Izuta 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2004,4(2-3):277-287
To evaluate the effect of increasing nitrogen (N) deposition and tropospheric ozone (O3) concentrations on N-saturated forest ecosystems, we investigated the response of Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora), an N-saturation sensitive tree species, to increasing N load under elevated O3 concentrations. One-year-old seedlings of red pine were treated with three levels of N supply (0, 50 and 100 mg N L-1 fresh soil volume) under two levels of atmospheric O3 concentration (< 5 and 60 ppb) for two growing seasons. Nitrogen treatment did not stimulate dry matter production of the seedlings. Growth inhibition was observed in the highest N treatment under low O3 and in the two higher N treatments under elevated O3. Irrespective of the O3 concentration, increasing N supply negatively affected root growth and mycorrhizal development in fine roots, resulting in a reduction in P and Mg uptake from the soil. Net photosynthetic rate was significantly reduced by both the highest N treatment under low O3 and the two higher N treatments under elevated O3, together with decreased N-availability to Rubisco. Nitrogen assimilated from NO3 - to amino acid in the needles was not affected by the treatments. However, needle protein concentration was reduced by the highest N-treatment under low O3 and by the two higher N-treatments under elevated O3. These results suggest that elevated O3 potentially disturbs the N-availability in the form of protein including Rubisco, and may advance the negative effects of excessive N-deposition on N-sensitive plant species in N-saturated forests. 相似文献